Latest Comprehensive Waec Syllabus for Biology 2022/2023

Waec Syllabus for Biology for 2022 is now available, candidates preparing for Waec 2022 are advised to download the latest Waec Biology Syllabus 2022 in other to get prepared ahead of the forthcoming Waec Examination.

The Waec Syllabus for Biology 2022 will help candidates pinpoint their reading or studies towards better topics and courses that will be set for the 2022 Waec examination.

What is Waec Syllabus?

Simply means a summary of topics that Waec has converted during an academic course which is expected to be asked during an Examination day.

Challenges students face are the inability of them to get the right tools or materials to study, there is a way to go about reading your syllabus. Your Waec syllabus for Biology for 2022 is not meant for you to just know the topics you should stay focus on by studying.

Meanwhile, Nkedugist wants to let you know that the importance of the Waec Biology Syllabus cannot be overemphasized. The candidate who took it upon themselves is the one coming out with good scores and grades for their exams. Let get started with Waec Syllabus for Biology for 2022

A. Concept of Living

1. Classification

a) Living and non-living things

b) Classification of living things into Kingdoms

(c) Differences between plants and animals.

2. Organization of life

(a) Levels of organization
(i) cell (single-celled organisms): Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium

(ii) Tissue: Hydra

(iii) Organ (storage organ) bulb, rhizome, and heart.

(iv) System/Organ System: In mammals, flowering plants – reproductive system, excretory system, etc.

(b) Complexity of organization in higher organisms: advantages and disadvantages.

3. Forms in which living cells exist:
a) Single and free-living: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, and Chlamydomonas
b) Colony: Volvox
c) Filament: Spirogyra
d) Part of a living organism: Cheek cells, onion root tip cells, and epidermis of fleshy leaves.

4. (a) Cell structure and functions of cell components.

(b) Similarities and differences between plant and animal cells.

5. The Cell and its environment:

Physical and Biophysical processes.
diffusion
osmosis
active transport

6. Properties and functions of the living cell

(a) Nutrition

(i) Autotrophic (photosynthesis)

(ii) Heterotrophic (holozoic)

(b) Cellular respiration

Definition and processes of:

(i) aerobic respiration
(ii) anaerobic respiration
(iii) energy release

(c) Excretion

(i) Excretion in single-celled aquatic organisms. Diffusion by body surface and by contractile vacuole.

(ii) Waste products of metabolism.

(d) Growth

(i) Basis of growth – cell division (mitosis), enlargement and differentiation.

(ii) Aspects of growth:
Increase in dry weight, irreversible increase in size and length and increase in number of cells.

(iii) Regions of fastest growth in plants.

(iv) Influence of growth hormones and auxins.

(v) Growth curvatures (Tropisms)

Development: Enlargement and differentiation.

Movement
(i) Organelles for movement: cilia and flagella,
(ii) Cyclosis.
(g) Reproduction:
Types of reproduction.
(i) Asexual: fission, budding and vegetative propagation.

(ii) Sexual: Conjugation, formation of male and female gametes (gametogenesis), fusion of gametes fertilization)

7. (a) Tissues and supporting systems: Skeleton and supporting systems in animals:

(i) Biological significance.

(ii) Skeletal materials, e.g. bone, cartilage and chitin.
(iii) Types of skeleton: exoskeleton, endoskeleton and hydrostatic skeleton.
(iv) Bones of the vertebral column, girdles and long bones of the appendicular skeleton.
(v) Mechanism of support in animals.
(vi) Functions of skeleton in animals: Protection, support, locomotion and respiratory movement.

(b) Different types of supporting tissues in plants.

Main features of supporting tissues in plants.
Functions of supporting tissues in plants: strength, rigidity (resistance against the forces of the wind and water), flexibility and resilience.

8. Transport System:

(a) Need for transport:
(i) surface area/volume ratio.
(ii) substances have to move greater distances.

Transport in animals.
Structure of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.

Composition and function of blood and lymph.

Materials for transport:
excretory products, gases, digested food, and other nutrients.

Transport in plants
(i) Uptake and movement of water
and mineral salts in plants.

(ii) Translocation

(iii) Transpiration

(iv) Movement of water to the apex of trees and herbs.

9. Respiratory System:

(a) Body surface: cutaneous, gills and lungs.

(b) Mechanisms of gaseous exchange in fish, toad, mammals and plants.

10. Excretory Systems and Mechanisms

Types of excretory systems: Kidney, stomata and lenticels

11. Regulation of Internal Environment (Homeostasis)

(a) Kidney: Structure and functions

(b) Liver:

Functions of the liver.

(c) The skin:

Structure and function.

12. Hormonal Coordination

(a) Animal hormones:
Site of secretion, functions and effects of over and under-secretion.

(b) Plant hormones

13. Nervous Coordination

(a) The central nervous system
(i) Components of the central nervous system
(ii) Parts of the brain and their functions; cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus and their functions
(iii) Structure and function of the Spinal Cord.

(b) Peripheral Nervous System.
(i) Somatic Nervous System
(ii) Autonomic nervous system.

(iii) Structure and functions of the neurone.
(iv) Classification of neurones.

(c) Types of nervous actions

(i) The reflex arc
(ii) Reflex and voluntary actions
(iii) Differences between reflex and voluntary actions.
(iv) Conditioned reflex and its role on behaviour.

14. Sense Organs: Structure and function of the

Eye.  Ear.

15 (a) Reproductive system of mammals

Structure and function of male and female reproductive systems.

Differences between male and female reproductive organs.

(iii) Structure of the gametes (sperm and ovum)
(iv) Fertilization, development of the embryo and birth.
(v) Birth control

(b) Metamorphosis in insects, life histories of butterfly and cockroach.

(c) Comparison of reproduction in fish, amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal.

(d) Reproduction in flowering plants

(i) Arrangements of floral parts of a named insect-pollinated flower and a named wind-pollinated flower.
(ii) Structure and function of the male and female parts of a flower.

(e) Pollination in Plants
(i) Types of pollination
(ii) Features of cross-pollinated and self-pollinated flowers
(iii) Agents of Pollination

(iv) Kinds of placentation: axile, marginal
and parietal.

Process of development of zygote in flowering plants: Fertilization.

(i) Types of fruits (classification).

(ii) Structure of fruits

(h) Dispersal of fruits and seeds: Agents of dispersal

B. Plant and Animal Nutrition

1. Plant Nutrition

(a) Photosynthesis:
(i) Process of photosynthesis and its chemical equation
(ii) Light and dark reactions
(iii) Materials and conditions
necessary for photosynthesis
(iv) Evidence of photosynthesis

(b) Mineral requirement of plants
(i) Mineral nutrition: Macro and micro-nutrients

(ii) Soil and atmosphere as sources of mineral elements.

2. Animal Nutrition

Food substances; classes and sources

(b) Balanced diet and its importance

(c ) Food tests

(d) Digestive enzymes:
Classes, characteristics and functions

(e) Modes of Nutrition
(i) Autotrophic: Photosynthesis,

(ii) Heterotrophic: holozoic, parasitic,
symbiotic and saprophytic.

(f) Alimentary System:

Alimentary tract of different animals.

(g) Dental Formula

(h) Feeding in protozoa and mammals

C. Basic Ecological Concepts

1. Ecosystem:

Components of the ecosystem and sizes
Ecological components:
environment, biosphere, habitat, population, biotic community and ecosystem.

(b) Components of the ecosystem:
Biotic and abiotic

2. Ecological factors:

Ecological factors in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

3. Simple Measurement of Ecological Factors.

Physical factors:
Climatic, topographic and gaseous.
Edaphic factors: Chemical and physical composition,
moisture content and soil texture.

4. Food webs and trophic levels

(a) Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
(i) Producers: autotrophs
(ii) Consumers: heterotrophs
(iii) Decomposers
(b) Trophic levels energy
relationships
(i) Food chain
(ii) Food web
(c) Energy flow
(i) Food/Energy relationship in aquatic and terrestrial environment.
(ii) Pyramid of energy and Pyramid of numbers.

(d) Decomposition in nature
(i) Decomposers:
(micro and macro-decomposers)
(ii) Gaseous products
Role of decomposers

6. Ecological Management:

(a) Biological Associations
Type of associations: Parasitism, symbiosis, commensalism and saprophytism.
(b) Adaptation of organisms to habitats.

(c) Pollution of the atmosphere

(i) Nature, names, sources and effects of air pollutants.

(ii) Effect of noise

(d) Water and Soil Pollution
Type and effects of pollutants.

7. Ecology of population

(a) Ecological succession
(i) Structural changes in species composition, variety or diversity and increase in numbers.
(ii) General characteristics and outcomes of succession
(b) Primary succession.

Succession in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.

Secondary succession, the climax of the succession: characteristic of a stable ecosystem.
Factors that affect population size: natality, mortality, emigration, immigration, food shortage, predation, competition,  and diseases.

(e) Preservation and storage of foods

(f) The life of selected insects;
(i) Weevils and cotton strainers.
(ii) Control of pests

8. Microorganisms: Man and health

(a) Carriers of microorganisms

(b) Microorganisms in action
(i) Beneficial effects in nature, medicine and industries.

(ii) Harmful effects of microorganisms, diseases caused by microorganisms: cholera, measles, malaria and ring worm.

(c) Towards better Health
(i) Methods of .controlling harmful microorganisms: high temperature, antibiotics, antiseptics, high salinity and dehydration.
(ii) Ways of controlling the vectors.

(d) Public Health:
The importance of the following towards the maintenance of good health practices:

(i) Refuse and sewage disposal.

(ii) Immunization, vaccination and inoculation (control of diseases).

D. Conservation of Natural Resources:
1. Resources to be conserved: soil, water, wildlife, forest and minerals.

2. Ways of ensuring conservation

E. Variation in Population

1. Morphological variations in the physical appearance of individuals

size, height and weight

colour (skin, eye, hair coat of animals)

finger prints

2. Physiological Variations

Ability to roll tongue

Ability to taste
phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)
Blood groups (ABO)
classification)

F. Biology of Heredity (Genetics)

1. Genetic terminologies

2. Transmission and expression of characteristics in organisms.

Hereditary variation

Mendel’s work in genetics

(i) Mendel’s experiments

(ii) Mendelian traits

(iii) Mendelian laws

3. Chromosomes: The basis of heredity

(a) Structure

(b) Process of transmission of hereditary characters from parents to offspring.

4. Probability in genetics (Hybrid formation).

5. Linkage, sex determination and sex linked characters.

6. Application of the principles of heredity in:

(a) Agriculture

(b) Medicine

G. Adaptation for survival and Evolution.

1. Behavioural Adaptations in Social Animals.

Termites
Bees

2. Evolution.

(a) Evidence of evolution.

(b) Theories of evolution

Introducing Biology

1. Biology as a science of life

2. Procedure for biological work

3. Importance of Biology

4. Body symmetry, sectioning and orientation

5. The microscope

6. Biological drawings

B. Cell Biology

1. Movement of substances into and out of cells: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

2. Nucleic acids

3. DNA structure and replication, RNA transcription.

4. Protein synthesis

5. Cell cycle

C. Life Processes in Living Things

1. Amoeba, Paramecium, and Euglena

2. Spirogyra and Rhizopus

3. Mosses and ferns

D. Diversity of Living Things

1. Characteristics of some of the orders of Class Insecta

2. Identification of organisms using biological keys

E. Interactions in Nature Soil

F. Mammalian Anatomy and Physiology

1. Dissection of a small mammal

2. Transport: Structure of the mammalian heart.

3. Cellular respiration

4. Movement:

(a) Muscles

(b) Skeletal tissues

5. Reproduction

(a) Secondary sexual characteristics

(b) Prenatal/Antenatal care

G. Plant Structure and Physiology

Morphology of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.

2. Transport:
Guttation

3. Reproduction:
Floral formula

H. Humans and their Environment

1. Integrated water resources management.

2. Health and hygiene

(a) Drug abuse

(b) Community health

(c) First Aid

I. Evolution

Recombinant DNA Technology

J. Biology and Industry

1. Biology and water industry

(a) Contamination of water

(b) Identification of polluted water

(c) Waste water treatment

2. Biology and fishing industry

(a) Fish stock management

(b) Fish farming

3. Biology and food industry:

Food additives

4. Biology and agriculture

5. Biotechnology

6. Biological fuel generation

A. Concept of Living

Cell theory

Irritability as a basic characteristic of protoplasm

(a) Types of responses: taxis and nastism

(b) Environmental factors that evoke responses; temperature, pH etc
3. Excretory Systems
(a) Diseases of the kidney:
Nephritis, kidney stone and diuresis, Their effects and remedies.

(b) Diseases of the liver: infective hepatitis, cancer of the liver and gall stones. Their effects and remedies.

4. Sense organs.
(a) Nose.

(b) Tongue.

(c) The skin.

5. Reproduction
(a) Courtship behaviour in animals:
(i) Pairing
(ii) Display e.g. peacocks
(iii) Territoriality
(iv) Seasonal migration
associated with breeding in herrings, eels and birds.
(b) Metamorphosis and life history of housefly.
(c) Adaptive features in a
developing animal:
(i) Yolk in egg of fish, toad and birds for nourishment
(ii) Placenta in animals

(d) Germination of seeds

(i) Essential factors which affect developing embryo.

(ii) Types of germination

B. Plant and Animal Nutrition

1. Nitrogen cycle

2. Modes of nutrition:
autotrophic, chemosynthetic, carnivorous plants

3. Alimentary System
(a) Alimentary tracts of different animals
(b) Description and function of various parts.

4. Feeding habits
(a) Categories: Carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous
(b) Modifications and mechanisms associated with the following habits; filter feeding, fluid feeding, feeding adaptation in insects, saprophytic feeding, parasitic feeding etc.

C. Basic Ecological Concepts
1. Ecological Components:
Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, niche

2.Population Studies by Sampling
Population size
Dominance
Density

3. Energy transformation in nature:
(a) Energy loss in the ecosystem

(b) Solar radiation: its intake and loss at
the earth’s surface.

(c ) Energy loss in the biosphere.

4. Nutrient Cycling in Nature

(a) Carbon Cycle:
(i) Process of carbon cycle
(ii) Importance of carbon in nature.

(b) Water Cycle:
(i) Importance of water cycle,
(ii) Importance of water to living organisms.
5. Ecological Management: Tolerance, Minimum and maximum range

6. Habitats
(a) Aquatic habitat: marine, estuarine fresh water under the following headings:
(i) characteristics of habitat
(ii) distribution of plants and
animals in the habitat,
(iii) adaptive features of plants and
animals in the habitat.

(b) Terrestrial habitat: marsh, forest, grassland, arid land should be studied under the following headings:

(i) characteristics of habitat

(ii) distribution of plants and animals in the habitat.

(c) Balance in Nature
Dynamic equilibrium population and
population density.

7. Relevance of Biology to Agriculture:
Classification of plants based on life cycle

(b) Effects of agricultural practices on ecology
(i) Bush burning
(ii) Tillage
(iii) Fertilizer
(iv) Herbicide/pesticide
(v) Different farming methods

8. Microorganisms: Man and His Health.

(a) Microorganisms around us
(i) Microorganisms in air and water
(ii) Groups of microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, some algae, protozoa, and some fungi.
(b) Microorganisms in our bodies and food

(c) Public Health
Food hygiene and health organization.

D. Application of Variations
Crime detection

Blood transfusion

Determination of paternity

E. Evolution

1. Adaptation for survival Factors that bring about competition Intra and Inter-species competition

(c) Relationship between competition and succession

2. Structural Adaptation for;
obtaining food protection and defense securing mates for reproduction regulating body temperature
conserving water
3. Adaptive Colouration Plants and animals Colouration and their functions

Summary of Waec Syllabus for Biology 2022

Waec Syllabus for Biology 2021 is a guideline necessary material for every candidate who wants to succeed and come out will good grades after studying.

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